Pianotech

  • 1.  High and low tension scales defined

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 06-14-2017 19:22
    Geoff's question about string tension brings to mind a question that has been unclear to me since day one. How do we define high tension scales verses low tension scales etc.? In the past, the answer given to me has been defined by the amount of string tension (in pounds) on a particular unison. I've always defined (in my head) high tension/low tension scales by the tension relative to the breaking point of a string when tuned to standard pitch. Why? The percentage of breaking point defines the "harmonic key" of that string, hence the overall tone quality of the piano. I've heard of string tension as low as 45% to a high of 67% throughout any given scale. Would not the average % throughout any given piano define that piano as high, medium, or low? Can anybody clarify this?
    Roger

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    Roger Gable
    Gable Piano
    Everett WA
    425-252-5000
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  • 2.  RE: High and low tension scales defined

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 06-15-2017 00:56
    I don't know that I can give a definitive answer, but....

    With all the discussion about music wire with lower tensile strength we seem to be focusing just on that one parameter. I think it is more complicated than that. For example: 

    On my string test frame I've set up side-by-side comparisons of Mapes IG wire and Paulello low tensile strength wire and have found some difference in tone but not as much as I had expected given the amount of hype involved. 

    The parameter being left out, I think, is the aggregate resistance to motion presented by highly tensioned scales vs. lower tensioned scales. The strings being drawn across the bridge act as springs resisting the motion of the bridge. Strings with higher tensions exert a higher spring force resisting the motion of the bridge than do strings with lower tensions. With a single string, or a single note, this is not significant but when the aggregate tensions are considered it is significant. 

    I've tried setting up combinations of strings of the same length but using radically different tensions (i.e., strings of the same length but with one side using relatively thin wire and the other using thicker wire). Using backscale lengths common in real pianos the higher tensioned strings present more resistance to deflection and more restorative force than is seen in lower tensioned scales. 

    In these tests the resulting sound shows more energy in the higher harmonics in the note using the larger diameter (higher tensioned) strings while the side using smaller diameter (lower tensioned) strings show more energy in the lower harmonics. In a single note these differences are not great but when applied to a broad range -- in a real piano when we play one note we are not playing a mono-chord -- they become significant. 

    While this illustration is not at all definitive I will add that empirical evidence tends to back this up. An early (1882) Knabe I've just finished originally had scale tensions upwards of 200 lbf through most of the tenor and lower treble sections. The sound was "thin" and "constricted" (to use the words of pianists trying the piano in its "before" condition). To be sure, many things have been changed along the way, but one of them was to drop the tensions (by virtue of using smaller diameter wire) down to the 155 - 165 lbf range. The difference in tone quality has been dramatic.

    ddf

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    Delwin D Fandrich
    Piano Design & Manufacturing Consultant
    6939 Foothill Court SW, Olympia, Washington 98512 USA
    Email  ddfandrich@gmail.com
    Tel  360 515 0119  --  Cell  360 388 6525