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False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

  • 1.  False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-13-2024 01:33

    You will not find this in the literature. It is from my research. I teach this in my class lectures. 

    There are two independent sources of false beats:

    1) Acoustical (interference and resonances from other parts and strings of the piano)

    2) Mechanical (in the string, differences in the vertical minus horizontal frequencies inherent in the string movement).

    The sensor does not 'hear' the acoustic false beat so it enables you to zero in on the mechanical false beat in the string under test.

    Here is a picture from an actual parallel recording, one with sensor and one with mic.

    Below that is a view of the spectra going on. Notice the false beat close to the actual desired frequency.

    Regards, 

    Prof. Steve

    False Beat Sources
    False Beat Spectra


    ------------------------------
    Steven Norsworthy
    Cardiff By The Sea CA
    (619) 964-0101
    ------------------------------


  • 2.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 15:27

    Steve, here's the rub. If you can't "hear" it, you can't adjust for it. There are small adjustments that can be made to mitigate unfavorable sounds, simply ignoring them might get you close but a good tuner can do better with their ears. The sensor doesn't pick up what could be glaring problems. This is an example of what seems to me an apparent contradiction. If you're not factoring in the perturbations created by the soundboard then you can't adjust for them. Perhaps this doesn't matter, but that is yet to be demonstrated.

    A video that takes just the middle strings (using a temperament strip) that lays in a temperament and tunes from E3 to C5 and is then run through and satisfies the standard aural interval checks would allay these misgivings.



    ------------------------------
    Steven Rosenthal RPT
    Honolulu HI
    (808) 521-7129
    ------------------------------



  • 3.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-13-2024 16:05

    'The Rub,' as you say, is that you can easily hear it. I'll post the audio of both. Of course you can hear that difference in the two waveforms. So, as a 'diagnostician' how do you try to fix that false beat if you don't know where it is coming from? As a teacher, I am probably the first one (that I know of) who has discovered that there are two sources of false beats. Do you not want me to teach or publish a finding like that? And as far as your tuning goes, which one of those peaks are you going to tune to? That is a rhetorical question, of course.

    I make the same offer to you, that you ask your local PTG president to schedule me for a zoom class like I am doing across the country. You can talk to Eliot Lee, the president of the PTG in Phoenix, as a reference. I just did a class for them. They were 'very receptive.'



    ------------------------------
    Steven Norsworthy
    Cardiff By The Sea CA
    (619) 964-0101
    ------------------------------



  • 4.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 17:35

    We all work hard at IGNORING these false beats so that we can tune the REAL beat. If this device is capable of reducing or even eliminating some of this annoying "noise" I'm all for it. I really don't care precisely where they're coming from. I want to reduce their interference if possible. I'm looking forward to actually trying the thing soon. 

    And anyway, we all know that we can overpower some of these "false" beats with careful unison tuning, and they "magically" disappear. 

    Peter Grey Piano Doctor 



    ------------------------------
    Peter Grey
    Stratham NH
    (603) 686-2395
    pianodoctor57@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 5.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 18:14

    Steve, you are misunderstanding my question (again). You'd rather talk about yourself. Those two sources of false beats are well known. Music and piano tuning ultimately come down to listening which you don't seem too good at. Tuners routinely tune unisons in a way that mitigates false beats.

    Looking forward to Peter's report.



    ------------------------------
    Steven Rosenthal RPT
    Honolulu HI
    (808) 521-7129
    ------------------------------



  • 6.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 18:56

    Steve N - I think what Steve R is saying is that we can aurally create a cancellation effect, thereby diminishing or eliminating a false beat. Often, the end result is that one note of a unison is slightly sharp or flat of the other. If the frequencies are tuned exactly, the false beat remains. 

    Having said the above, I'm always interested in more information. :-)  I think we should encourage people share thoughts even if it isn't new information. It may be new information to them, and sometimes that can lead to new discoveries with new information for everyone. You never know. ;-) 



    ------------------------------
    Maggie Jusiel, RPT
    Athens, WV
    (304)952-8615
    mags@timandmaggie.net
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-13-2024 19:14

    I just produced this video and I have narrated it for explanation 

    The audio demonstrating the differences and the analysis of how to discern are important. You will not find this in current research and I have made it 'practical' to a field tuner.

    https://youtu.be/e_UvfoUevy8



    ------------------------------
    Steven Norsworthy
    Cardiff By The Sea CA
    (619) 964-0101
    ------------------------------



  • 8.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 21:00

    Peter Grey went:
    (…snip) And anyway, we all know that we can overpower some of these "false" beats with careful unison tuning, and they "magically" disappear. 

    Actually, I believe that any ETD will have a definite advantage over our own ears. A false beats (in the beats/sec range that we can hear) are actually an AM-modulation of the the sound coming off that string. If we're tuning A6 aurally, and if there's a 5 b/s false beat, we hear both that and the 1772 Hz fundamental. If the ETD is doing the tuning, then at that point in the tuning pattern, it's only paying attention to something in the neighborhood of 1771 Hz (± 50 Hz). For it, the 5 b/s false beat is well off its radar.

    And yes, false beats are annoying during aural unison tuning. If only one of the strings on that note is false bearing, we're in luck. We simply tune those two non-beating unisons to themselves, and, that done, tune the false beater working with only the beat rate which is moving. This is tricky because both the moving and stationary beats are in the same range and can be confused. But in the end, you'll know the unison is done because 1.) the only beat to be heard is the false one, and 2.) the complete amplitude of the false beat has been reduced reduced from 100% (when listening only to the false beating string) to 33% (when that string is added to its non-beating partners). So, while we don't pay attention to the false beater's reaction to our tuning of it, it's good to recognize that beat rate when it shows up as the only imperfection in our final unison.

    Things aren't that much more complicated when there is only one non-beater in that trichord. You tune each beater, separately, to the non-beater, and in the addition of sound waves, the sum of these AM-modulated beats will still amount to only 1/3 of the volume. (…except where both beaters have the identical beat speeds, in which case they will reinforce each other and overpower the non-beater's volume.)

    And when all three strings are beaters, that's when you thank the existence of ETDs.

    But still, we should recognize that while EDTs can ignore beat rates, their best work will still be no different from our best aural work. If we're bothered by traces of false beats in the final tuning, they will be there no matter if tuned by ear or ETD. ETDs have no better chance of making a false beat disappear than a skilled aural tuner. ------------------------------
    William Ballard RPT
    WBPS
    Saxtons River VT
    802-869-9107

    "Our lives contain a thousand springs
    and dies if one be gone
    Strange that a harp of a thousand strings
    should keep in tune so long."
    ...........Dr. Watts, "The Continental Harmony,1774
    ------------------------------



  • 9.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-13-2024 21:11

    I put great effort into that YouTube video lecture on False Beats today. It would be great to get some definitive feedback on it. Thanks!

    https://youtu.be/e_UvfoUevy8



    ------------------------------
    Steven Norsworthy
    Cardiff By The Sea CA
    (619) 964-0101
    ------------------------------



  • 10.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-13-2024 22:30

    I'd be interested to know what goes into an ETD's interpretation of a false beat. Does the FFT really include such drastically different frequencies as a single digit Hz range, and why would the FFT think a 3p/s, clearly unrelated to the note's partial series.

    Yes the side-by-side comparison of what the acoustic mic and your sensor are giving the FFT is impressive. But you then describe the software as saying that the (irrelevant) beat is there because 1.) there exists a combination of two separate tones which created it and we'll derive our frequency by smear them for an average. I'll admit that does sound sloppy. Do all ETDs do this? (That is, infer two separate tones, instead of it being a single tone which also happens to have a much slower slow disturbance pattern for mechanical reasons.)

    Of course, I always imagined that there was a healthy amount statistical smoothing to eliminate the jittering of an ETD's display. I don't know whether what these ETDs show us are precise calculations, or whether what we're looking at is the most likely best pick of a probability field. 

    However ETDs do this, my main concern was the idea that the best that either ETD or ear can do will have the same level of imperfection at the end. I worry that the OP might have been hoping that an ETD could make the result of a well-tuned ETD unison a step above the aural unison. 



    ------------------------------
    William Ballard RPT
    WBPS
    Saxtons River VT
    802-869-9107

    "Our lives contain a thousand springs
    and dies if one be gone
    Strange that a harp of a thousand strings
    should keep in tune so long."
    ...........Dr. Watts, "The Continental Harmony,1774
    ------------------------------



  • 11.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 02:03

    Steven, I very much enjoyed the false beats video! Actually I have enjoyed all of the all threads of discussion regarding Pianosens. I will note that often, when you include charts and graphs within posts, they are hard to read. Perhaps they can be enlarged some. (Actually scratch that, for those who may not know Ctrl++ (or Cmd++) will zoom in on the daily download emails) I also think when you come up for air, more videos on www.pianosens.com will prove helpful. Maybe they are there and I missed them.

    I am approaching the twilight of my 50 year career (45 aural and 5 mostly ETD) so I probably will not be a customer. However, I can certainly see the value of pianosens for more high end work like concert tuning and studio work. Also, likely for any good quality grands in home. Uprights? Questionable from what I have seen.

    I have actually learned a lot over the past few weeks. Keep up the good work!! Yup, sometimes we can cancel out false beats with tuning and sometimes they are just hopeless.



    ------------------------------
    Tremaine Parsons RPT
    Georgetown CA
    (530) 333-9299
    ------------------------------



  • 12.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-13-2024 22:31

    The point of the video was to show that the source of the false beat is important to know. If it is mechanical and origin, you might be able to do something about it at the bridge pins, and this is a well-known technique of sophisticated tuners. If it is acoustic in origin, then there’s nothing you need to do to the string at the bridge pins. That was the point of the video. You cannot find this in the literature, as far as I know, that there are two sources of false beats: acoustic vs mechanical. If we know the source of the false beat, we have a better shot of doing some thing about it. I am still 'yet' to receive a direct comment on the video. The point was NOT about the ETD, but the sensing of the false beat. Did you miss that point? I hoped the video made it clear. NO ETD was used in this analysis. But an ETD, any of them, will benefit from the sensor because it will not 'hear' the acoustic false beat. I hoped that was clear but maybe it wasn't. I do kindly thank you for watching it.

    Best,

    Steve






  • 13.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 00:51

    I must have missed something, Are you suggesting the mechanical pick-up does no more than allow the ETD to better discern a false beating string? If so, I suggest you not sign up lectures. I can't imagine a "teacher" lecturing about false beats using a sophisticated  electronic device that visualizes what we already know and hear. I'm missing the point. At your lecture, what answer would you give, if a technician asks you, "What is the root cause of false beats?" Now, that would be practical if you could answer that. So far, you've only pointed out through observation what a false beat looks like. 



    ------------------------------
    Roger Gable RPT
    Gable Piano
    Everett WA
    (425) 252-5000
    ------------------------------



  • 14.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Posted 01-14-2024 01:03
    Prove me wrong with another better explanation, my data does not lie. The top people I have shown this to agree, so what do you want here? Counterpoint me with data, a better engineering / physics explanation. Lay it out for us, make technical counter-presentation and we will listen and evaluate.

    Respectfully,
    Steve




  • 15.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 09:34

    Steve,

    I'm not trying to prove you wrong. I just don't know what you're trying to prove. It appears to me what you've accomplished is a new way of observing a false beat with a machine that blends two frequencies to appear as one. An accomplishment that is narrowly applied to ETD usage. Is there a practical application with your "data"?



    ------------------------------
    Roger Gable RPT
    Gable Piano
    Everett WA
    (425) 252-5000
    ------------------------------



  • 16.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 01:47

    The graph of the false beating string being picked up by a mic, and the other graph of that string being picked up by the sensor, shows that the sensor is not picking up the false beating.  If they both showed the false beat, then the beats would be coming from the string itself.  Since the sensor doesn't pick it up, that must mean that it's coming through the microphone as acoustic energy and not from the string.  This illustrates the effectiveness of the sensor to reject beats caused by extraneous sounds in and around the piano.  Therefore, the source of the beats in this example must be coming from the string itself mechanically coupled to the bridge, termination points, etc.  The point is there are two sources of false beating, and the sensor is picking up only one of them.



    ------------------------------
    Paul McCloud, RPT
    Accutone Piano Service
    www.AccutonePianoService.com
    pavadasa@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 17.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 12:46

    Paul,

    Your comment about the sensor not picking up the false beat peaks my imagination about the nature of the false beat and Steve's sensor. The latest research, as stated by Steve (which my research coincides) clearly shows that the false beat is the result from the frequency difference of the vertical verses horizontal movement of the string. Maybe Steve's sensor only picks up one of the vibrating dimensions. I appears from the picture that the electronic configuration may be a one-dimensional pick-up as opposed to a two dimensional pick-up like that of a stereo phonograph cartridge and needle. Also, I'm not clear on Steve's definition of acoustical source of false beats. The statement "interference and resonances from other parts and strings of the piano" seems nebulous. Who or what are these "other parts". Maybe someone can explain in detail.

    Roger



    ------------------------------
    Roger Gable RPT
    Gable Piano
    Everett WA
    (425) 252-5000
    ------------------------------



  • 18.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 14:02

    I think Steve will concur about the horizontal and vertical string vibration modes.  He mentioned this to me many times.  Also, moving the sensor to the side of the strings you're measuring instead of directly overhead is an indication that there is a change of directional mode when you do that.  It has to be a blend of the two.  And of course we know that these vibrational modes are changing in time in the strings.  Years ago, we had some pianos fitted with Wapin bridge pins which changed how the modes were moving.  I don't hear anyone doing that anymore.  In working with the sensor, though it does pick up the movement of the strings on either side of the note you're tuning, it has a much stronger and steadier reading when it's closer and overhead.  I'm just making observations, and I can't make any definitive statement about any of this.  An interesting experiment might be to orient two separate sensors at a 90 degree angle, and see how they compare in an ETD.  Play the note and observe the partials of both superimposed to see if there is some correlation or not.  I'm not sure what that would mean in terms of false beating, or what if anything could be done to eliminate them.  Maybe one could isolate which one was more "false" than the other by doing this. 

    I do know that when I was using my Accutuner, where I had beats in each string of a unison, I would go through practically every combination of overtones.  Sometimes I would have a strong overtone indication, then I'd tune the other strings to it by ear.  Playing them altogether was a mess.  Then I'd do that with the other partial of that string and see how that worked.  Sometimes the prominent one was better, sometimes the quieter one was preferable.  In the end, I'd get the best sounding unison where I could hear the most coherent partial that matched the rest of the piano, and of course the false beating was still there in the background. 

    On another subject, related, I've been using your bridge pin string tool for years, and I do find that it is indeed helpful for reducing or eliminating some false beats and making the tone more solidified.  It's always my go-to tool when I'm facing these problems, in addition to using a springloaded nail-set punch to tap the bridge pins down into the hole.  I'm quite sure bridge pins are at least partly to blame for false beats.  Some suspect strings that are installed with a twist may be contributing to beats.  I seem to remember you posted your research and experience a while back, maybe you covered that.  Another interesting thing is, some pianos are particularly free from false beats, even if they are lesser brands.  And other big name pianos are full of them.  Changing strings doesn't seem to cure it either, or moving the string around the hitch pin.  I often wonder if putting a clamp on the strings instead of bridge pins, ala Floyd Rose hardware on a guitar, would help.  At least it might stabilize the tuning, if the strings couldn't move across the terminations.  I can't be the only one to have thought of this.

    In regard to Steve's reference to "interference and resonances", I'm pretty sure he's referring to the acoustic phenomenon in pianos, such as undamped strings, aliquats, reflections of sound off the inside of the rim, room noise, echos, etc.  I remember him putting mutes in every aliquat string of his Fazioli so they wouldn't interfere with tuning.  That was before he used a sensor.



    ------------------------------
    Paul McCloud, RPT
    Accutone Piano Service
    www.AccutonePianoService.com
    pavadasa@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 19.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 12:04

    Steve went: The point was NOT about the ETD, but the sensing of the false beat. Did you miss that point?

    Not at all, your point was made well before this video: your sensor is the best set of ears and ETD could have. By the time a mic has picked up the sound pressure vibration from the air molecules, we're only getting a 2d or 3d-hand version of what's actually happening at the string.

    It just happened that at the point in this multi-topic discussion where the matter of false beats came up, I thought I'd suggest something which occurred to me years ago: ETDs simply do not include false beats in the sampling for the FFT. I would love a thumbs up or down on that idea.

    The thing I was unsure of from the video was your description of how ETDs actually do include false beats (again an AM-modulation artifact in a process where FFT is sorting out frequencies). You make it sound as though when a false beat exists, 1.) the ETD assumes that it's there because two very close frequencies exist to produce the beat rate, and 2.) it resolves this perceived clash of frequencies by replacing them with a frequency somewhere in between them.

    I don't doubt that with your background, you could surmise how an mic-fed ETD might be interpreting a false beat, while for the rest of us this is just a black box. But your assumption of the ETD programmers' approach to false beats (as show in the video) does not credit them with much sophistication. I'd really be surprised to find that all of their approaches to false beats are as slap-dash as you portray. 

    Again, I stand by my belief that ETDs don't pay attention to false beats occurring octaves below the note they are seeking to define.

    Also, anyone is free to chime in about how to determine whether a false beat's source is acoustic or mechanical. It's common knowledge. And as for mechanically-generated false beats, if there were 2-3 treatments which could work for all cases, false beats wouldn't show up in piano tech forums.

    Also, there's a matter of how precise our tunings need to be, given that they're intended for human ears. Tap water in a glass looks clear until we put it under a microscope. But then we drink it and enjoy it.

    All the best,



    ------------------------------
    William Ballard RPT
    WBPS
    Saxtons River VT
    802-869-9107

    "Our lives contain a thousand springs
    and dies if one be gone
    Strange that a harp of a thousand strings
    should keep in tune so long."
    ...........Dr. Watts, "The Continental Harmony,1774
    ------------------------------



  • 20.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 13:04

    One of my objections about ETD's over the years has been in fact this issue of how the thing "handles" false beats. Granted, I have not tried every ETD available, however the ones I have used (Accutuner, Tunelab, Pianometer, and possibly another that I can't think of) all jump around with varying degrees of incomprehensible indications that tell me they are in fact registering these false beats and trying to make sense out of them. My response to that has been: "Why am I wasting my time staring at this thing that is not smart enough to get past what my ears already tell me abd I have learned to mitigate in an analog/aural manner?"  Thus I shut the thing off and go about doing what I know how to do. 

    It is possible that this device can help me overcome this digital limitation. 

    Peter Grey Piano Doctor 



    ------------------------------
    Peter Grey
    Stratham NH
    (603) 686-2395
    pianodoctor57@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 21.  RE: False Beats: Two Origins: Acoustic vs Mechanical

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 01-14-2024 13:59

    Peter,

    I concur, I've tried using these latest ETD, some very sophisticated, but what your describing is one of reasons I don't use them. Another annoying feature is the millisecond delay in response. Surprisingly, I found the strobe tuners don't have that delay (it's analog) and the "jumping around" as you describe isn't present. The two frequencies are clearly shown and the jumping around is averaged out through the analog input (via flashing strobe) against the spinning wheel. 



    ------------------------------
    Roger Gable RPT
    Gable Piano
    Everett WA
    (425) 252-5000
    ------------------------------