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Square Grand Shanks

  • 1.  Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-21-2023 16:54

    Hi, folks. So, I'm currently replacing all the original cedar(I think?) shanks on an old Chickering square grand. As some of you know, this basically means finding a spinet shank that's little longer than spinet shanks normally come.

    I saw on other forum posts that Schaff sold an item called "Pallet Rods" (No. 706) that were essentially spinet shanks but a bit over 5". I just called and, as I'd feared, those are discontinued.

    I've also had trouble finding 3/16" dowels/rods that are hard maple. I keep finding birch, instead.

    Another tech suggested basically splicing spinet shanks to get the required length. I've held onto that suggestion, but have felt a little squeamish about splicing a shank vs having a singe piece of wood.

    Any suggestions in a remedy?

    Would birch be sufficient? 

    Am I just being too squeamish about the splicing idea?

    Is there a source I'm not finding of 3/16" hard maple dowels?

    Answers are appreciated. Thanks



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------


  • 2.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-21-2023 17:01
    The other idea is to use upright shanks, which are a little longer, but also thicker, and drill out the flanges and the hammers. Or, trim the ends of the shanks to fit into the hammers and flanges. 





  • 3.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-21-2023 17:06
    It's much easier to make them. I use a Dowell maker by DFM USA.








  • 4.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-21-2023 17:11

    Good point from both you and Wim!

    I had thought about reducing upright shanks as suggested, but forgot to list that in my post.

    I hadn't thought about a dowel maker. I might check that out first!



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 5.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-21-2023 19:54

    Joshua, you might consider asking Norbert Abel if he has the shanks you want, or if he can fabricate them at an acceptable price.  



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    Patrick Draine RPT
    Billerica MA
    (978) 663-9690
    ------------------------------



  • 6.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-21-2023 20:01

    Joshua,

    My search for maple shanks has turned out to be more challenging than what I anticipated as well.

    Meanwhile, I found an interesting post in the Pianotech archives dated December 21, 2000. The link is below, and a screenshot follows.

    https://my.ptg.org/communities/community-home/digestviewer/viewthread?GroupId=1165&MID=420414&CommunityKey=06a50b7b-c49f-4c2a-b32b-ef78b4ed51cc

    At this point, I'm thinking birch dowels for your square piano will be just fine.

    Somewhere in Europe, someone has apparently made a case 23 years ago for justifying the use of birch shanks in the U.K. versus maple shanks. The search engine for Europiano magazine (which I think is the source of the article Richard Broken referred to in his post) is not an effective search engine, so I could not find the article. My thought is that a few birch hammer shanks on your centenarian project will be just fine.

    FWIW,

    John Parham 



    ------------------------------
    John Parham, RPT
    Hickory, NC
    828-244-2487
    john440@me.com
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-22-2023 08:09
    Abel has what you need, but be ready for sticker shock.   I bought a few sets for square grands from them.   DO NOT MODIFY ORIGINAL PARTS as some here have suggested.





  • 8.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 08:14

    Thanks, Douglas. Would you mind elaborating on why modification is no good?

    Also, any thoughts on substituting birch?



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 9.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-22-2023 08:34
    Firstly, any modification to a square will get you in trouble.  Everything must be as close to the original as possible, e.g. the thickness of leather or felt must be exact.  When techs replace this and the instrument plays poorly, the blame the instrument.  There isn't much opportunity for adjustment on this instruments and thickness of the cloth and leather they used were part of the instrument's geometry.  So using a larger shank by drilling a larger hole is going to make a change, as well, the "butt" is already small and a larger hole will give you very thin walls.   Chickering knew what he was doing! 

    Secondly, don't make any changes to a historical instrument that cannot be reversed.  Yes, this is a historical instrument.  Source cloth and leather that were made in the same manner as the original.  If the shanks were cedar, use cedar. Strings - Paulello's Type 2, 1, and 0 are the best way to go.  Don't use modern wire.  Rescale the string schedule if you are taking it to A440 or the case may develop a twist.





  • 10.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 08:44

    Completely agree on drilling the hammer butts. The tolerances there are too tight anyhow to expand the holes.

    How do you feel about reducing maple shanks to fit, either on the ends, or full lengrh via a dowel maker?

    By the way, this is a Chickering 51G.



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 11.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 08:36

    I don't think i would go with the Birch, especially to reduce the dowels from home depot because they are not usually the tight grain or quality you need. With a dowel maker you can easily reduce upright maple shanks to the correct diameter. I personally prefer hickory for square piano shanks. Very stable at that diameter with 3 or more grains running straight through. Also, it was used a lot in the past, so it having a precedent is comforting. Also at that diameter there really is no weight concern either.

    -chris



    ------------------------------
    Chernobieff Piano Restorations
    All the elements are known, and yet no combination there of creates life. Yet we are here.
    865-986-7720 (text only please)
    ------------------------------



  • 12.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 08:45

    Thanks, Chris!



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 13.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 09:04

    The problem you are going to have if you decided to go the cedar route is that Chickering had very tight grain cedar. Count the grain of those cedar shanks, probably about 7 grains in a shank. You will be hard pressed to find some today without great effort. The choice of cedar has somewhat baffled me, but when it was new it was most likely not only light but strong too. Its just overtime it got dried out and weak. 

    Good luck!

    -chris



    ------------------------------
    Chernobieff Piano Restorations
    All the elements are known, and yet no combination there of creates life. Yet we are here.
    865-986-7720 (text only please)
    ------------------------------



  • 14.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-22-2023 10:21

    Oh, I hadn't dreamed of using cedar, haha. I certainly wanted an upgrade, so to speak.

    Thanks for your input, Chris!



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 15.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-22-2023 16:06

    Douglas,

    Out of curiosity, how would you have responded to Robert Brekne in 2000? Birch shanks seem to have been preferred in his part of the world.


    Has anyone on this thread experimented with birch shanks? I didn't think about the difference in grain count. I think I'll order some and do some testing.

    Interesting topic and thanks for everyone's input. I've got some thinking to do.

    jp



    ------------------------------
    John Parham, RPT
    Hickory, NC
    828-244-2487
    john440@me.com
    ------------------------------



  • 16.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-22-2023 16:45

    Reading between the lines of Ric's post, I'd suggest that "Finnish ski birch" may be a particularly high grade of birch that is used for making quality Scandinavian skis. I doubt the birch dowels readily available here have the same qualities. That said, I look forward to your test results!



    ------------------------------
    Patrick Draine RPT
    Billerica MA
    (978) 663-9690
    ------------------------------



  • 17.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-22-2023 17:55

    It was Richard and now he goes by Rigs Brekne 



    ------------------------------
    Larry Messerly, RPT
    Bringing Harmony to Homes
    www.lacrossepianotuning.com
    ljmesserly@gmail.com
    928-899-7292
    ------------------------------



  • 18.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-23-2023 13:56
      |   view attached
    Just found the article in Europiano that Richard Brekne referred to at the time and added a scan of it. Hopefully it is readable


    ------------------------------
    Arnold Duin
    Krommenie NH
    31-75-6211529
    ------------------------------

    Attachment(s)

    pdf
    WhyHammerShanksnBirch.pdf   726 KB 1 version


  • 19.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-23-2023 19:51

    Thanks for the find, Arnold!

    Unfortunately, the article neither gives taxonomic names for the birch it's refering to, nor the Modulus of Elasticity of the birch mentioned. Only that it is white birch (I believe Betula pubescensgrown in Finland, making it much stronger. Normally European White Birch is not much better than cedar, but it seems to be much harder grown in Finland. I can find no data as to it's MoE or any other measure of hardness.

    Until that can be tested or found, I think I may have to resort to making my down dowels from larger Hard Maple dowels or upright shanks.



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 20.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-24-2023 00:23

    Arnold,

    Thank you for posting that article. While the math was over my head, what stood out to me was the importance of straight grain for birch hammer shanks.

    It was mentioned in this thread that Chickering used shanks with 11 grains? I'm thankful for that history. Does anyone know what species of shanks piano manufactures used on square pianos over 100 years ago? I've never thought about that.

    Out of curiosity, tonight I sliced through two shanks in my shop:

    1. 7/32" maple shanks I purchased from Pianotek several years ago. It had three very crooked grains running through it.
    2. 3/16" spinet shanks the late Roger Harwood purchased either from Schaff or Pianotek over 10 years ago. It had at least 5 grains, and they were fairly straight. Interesting find.

    My ears are not sophisticated enough to evaluate shank frequencies as I drop them on glass for evaluation like in the article. What I can do, however, is a flex-until-they-break test on modern maple 7/32 and 3/16 shanks compared to 3/16" birch shanks. I will let you know what I find out.

    Meanwhile, I'm reminded of a larger picture here. What would you all do if you had a square grand shank break tomorrow that needs replacing? The shank is 3/16". Standard shanks from Schaff are not long enough for this square piano. What do you do for a shank? Do you assume the original shank is maple? If so, where can you buy them in 3/16" diameter long enough? Do you go to the extra expense of purchasing shank-reducing equipment for fewer than a dozen replacements? Do you insist on using hard-to-find maple 3/16" shanks when the customer only wants the piano to play well enough for their grandchildren to play on? Do you demand to use maple because of potentially superior acoustic qualities of the wood? Is acoustic quality a metric worth considering when determining the species of wood to use for a shank in this case? Are strength and acoustic resonance of the shank metrics you should consider in this situation? How far should a technician go to pursue service excellence?

    I ask these questions because I have spent the past 20 years struggling with these kinds of questions. I've always been insanely inclined toward craft, even at the expense of profit. Craft has never failed me, but at the same time it haunts me.

    In this situation, I'm historically stumped. What species of shank should a technician use, and what is the balance between expense and honoring the historical nature of the work ? Should a technician always duplicate factory decisions to preserve a historical intent, or is there an equally technically sound opinion to discover?

    My default response is to ask even more questions and go to my workshop to look for answers.

    Good discussion,

    John Parham 



    ------------------------------
    John Parham, RPT
    Hickory, NC
    828-244-2487
    john440@me.com
    ------------------------------



  • 21.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-24-2023 09:02

    Wood has differing stiffness depending on the orientation of the grain relative to the plane of stress, i.e. do you orient the shank so the grain is "flat" relative to the string plane or ant 90 degrees? 

    "Drop testing" hears the pitch of the shank as a "free" bar. Mounting the shank into the hammer butt and hammer head seriously constrains the shank and changes its mode of flexing and vibrating. To test this, one would need to make the hammer assembly and strike it against a hard, non-resonant surface to hear the impact sound of the hammer assembly, then compare with other orientations and types of shanks in an identical assembly.

    Then you might ask "Why did certain manufacturers (such as Chickering, in this case) choose cedar for their shanks??? Good reason or superstition?

    Bruce Clark at Wessel, Nickell and Gross has tested the flexibility of shank materials with concern for influence on action performance. Basically he concluded that wood flexibility is unpredictable, and so he uses carbon fiber tubes, with stiffness selected for hammer weight, since heavy bass hammers cause greater flexing of hammer shanks.

    Then for all of this one should ask "What level of force, of playing technic, is required to detect a difference? In what kind of instrument?"

    My guess, just a suggestion, is that in the case of an elderly square grand with original cedar shanks, if possible the shanks should be replaced with cedar shanks, and that care should be taken to duplicate the dimensions and weight of the original shanks.

    I would also suggest that technicians who specialize in rebuilding high level performance piano actions may have observations based on significant experience, and that this would be the best source of information on this topic. One would hope for multiple opinions.



    ------------------------------
    Ed Sutton
    ed440@me.com
    (980) 254-7413
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  • 22.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-25-2023 11:15
    Not sure if these may work, but Pianos Bolduc sells  Maple shanks. 4 1/4" x 3/16" ....

    Their number is (418) 397-5057

    Melanie
    --
    Melanie Brooks
    Brooks LTD LLC
    152 Rte 163 Bldg A
    Uncasville, CT 06382
    800-326-2440






  • 23.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-25-2023 11:33
    Thanks, Melanie. That’s the standard length that is too short for Joshua’s project.

    I appreciate you checking in,
    John Parham




  • 24.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-25-2023 12:24
    Abel offers 3 sizes 3.5 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm X 130 mm in Ahorn.

    Regards
    Arnold




  • 25.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-25-2023 12:28
    Thanks Arnold. That may be long enough.

    Joshua?

    Jp




  • 26.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-25-2023 12:49
    I have nearly a full set of cedar 4.0mm





  • 27.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Posted 08-25-2023 13:56

    Thanks, Arnold!

    I found the page for Abel's full list of upright shanks, and their 5mm shank. It seems their 5.4mm and up shanks are birch, and 5mm and lower are maple. All are 130mm, or 5.11", in length, more than the ~4.75" I need.

    The next question, perhaps, is whether the .22mm descrepency between 5mm and 4.78mm (3/16") is enough that the fit would be too tight. Perhaps just use a shank reducer? Douglas, I noticed you said you kept 4mm cedar shanks. Is 4mm better?

    Also, Douglas, as this is a piano that was left unplayed for 2 years after they bought it (I was actually a little surprised they agreed to this repair), is getting cedar shanks worth it? Perhaps they're better for a more serious project, like a rebuilding? I care greatly about an ethical repair, but I'm not sure my clients care about an authentic one.



    ------------------------------
    Joshua Dellinger
    Catawba Valley Piano Services
    Maiden, NC
    (828) 705-1732
    cvpianoservices@gmail.com
    ------------------------------



  • 28.  RE: Square Grand Shanks

    Registered Piano Technician
    Posted 08-31-2023 11:20

    Were cedar shanks possibly meant as a moth repellent?



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    John Pope
    University of Kentucky School of Music
    Lexington, KY
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