Wood has differing stiffness depending on the orientation of the grain relative to the plane of stress, i.e. do you orient the shank so the grain is "flat" relative to the string plane or ant 90 degrees?
"Drop testing" hears the pitch of the shank as a "free" bar. Mounting the shank into the hammer butt and hammer head seriously constrains the shank and changes its mode of flexing and vibrating. To test this, one would need to make the hammer assembly and strike it against a hard, non-resonant surface to hear the impact sound of the hammer assembly, then compare with other orientations and types of shanks in an identical assembly.
Then you might ask "Why did certain manufacturers (such as Chickering, in this case) choose cedar for their shanks??? Good reason or superstition?
Bruce Clark at Wessel, Nickell and Gross has tested the flexibility of shank materials with concern for influence on action performance. Basically he concluded that wood flexibility is unpredictable, and so he uses carbon fiber tubes, with stiffness selected for hammer weight, since heavy bass hammers cause greater flexing of hammer shanks.
Then for all of this one should ask "What level of force, of playing technic, is required to detect a difference? In what kind of instrument?"
My guess, just a suggestion, is that in the case of an elderly square grand with original cedar shanks, if possible the shanks should be replaced with cedar shanks, and that care should be taken to duplicate the dimensions and weight of the original shanks.
I would also suggest that technicians who specialize in rebuilding high level performance piano actions may have observations based on significant experience, and that this would be the best source of information on this topic. One would hope for multiple opinions.
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Ed Sutton
ed440@me.com(980) 254-7413
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Original Message:
Sent: 08-24-2023 00:22
From: John Parham
Subject: Square Grand Shanks
Arnold,
Thank you for posting that article. While the math was over my head, what stood out to me was the importance of straight grain for birch hammer shanks.
It was mentioned in this thread that Chickering used shanks with 11 grains? I'm thankful for that history. Does anyone know what species of shanks piano manufactures used on square pianos over 100 years ago? I've never thought about that.
Out of curiosity, tonight I sliced through two shanks in my shop:
- 7/32" maple shanks I purchased from Pianotek several years ago. It had three very crooked grains running through it.
- 3/16" spinet shanks the late Roger Harwood purchased either from Schaff or Pianotek over 10 years ago. It had at least 5 grains, and they were fairly straight. Interesting find.
My ears are not sophisticated enough to evaluate shank frequencies as I drop them on glass for evaluation like in the article. What I can do, however, is a flex-until-they-break test on modern maple 7/32 and 3/16 shanks compared to 3/16" birch shanks. I will let you know what I find out.
Meanwhile, I'm reminded of a larger picture here. What would you all do if you had a square grand shank break tomorrow that needs replacing? The shank is 3/16". Standard shanks from Schaff are not long enough for this square piano. What do you do for a shank? Do you assume the original shank is maple? If so, where can you buy them in 3/16" diameter long enough? Do you go to the extra expense of purchasing shank-reducing equipment for fewer than a dozen replacements? Do you insist on using hard-to-find maple 3/16" shanks when the customer only wants the piano to play well enough for their grandchildren to play on? Do you demand to use maple because of potentially superior acoustic qualities of the wood? Is acoustic quality a metric worth considering when determining the species of wood to use for a shank in this case? Are strength and acoustic resonance of the shank metrics you should consider in this situation? How far should a technician go to pursue service excellence?
I ask these questions because I have spent the past 20 years struggling with these kinds of questions. I've always been insanely inclined toward craft, even at the expense of profit. Craft has never failed me, but at the same time it haunts me.
In this situation, I'm historically stumped. What species of shank should a technician use, and what is the balance between expense and honoring the historical nature of the work ? Should a technician always duplicate factory decisions to preserve a historical intent, or is there an equally technically sound opinion to discover?
My default response is to ask even more questions and go to my workshop to look for answers.
Good discussion,
John Parham
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John Parham, RPT
Hickory, NC
828-244-2487
john440@me.com
Original Message:
Sent: 08-23-2023 19:50
From: Joshua Dellinger
Subject: Square Grand Shanks
Thanks for the find, Arnold!
Unfortunately, the article neither gives taxonomic names for the birch it's refering to, nor the Modulus of Elasticity of the birch mentioned. Only that it is white birch (I believe Betula pubescens) grown in Finland, making it much stronger. Normally European White Birch is not much better than cedar, but it seems to be much harder grown in Finland. I can find no data as to it's MoE or any other measure of hardness.
Until that can be tested or found, I think I may have to resort to making my down dowels from larger Hard Maple dowels or upright shanks.
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Joshua Dellinger
Catawba Valley Piano Services
Maiden, NC
(828) 705-1732
cvpianoservices@gmail.com
Original Message:
Sent: 08-23-2023 13:55
From: Arnold Duin
Subject: Square Grand Shanks
Just found the article in Europiano that Richard Brekne referred to at the time and added a scan of it. Hopefully it is readable
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Arnold Duin
Krommenie NH
31-75-6211529
Original Message:
Sent: 08-21-2023 16:53
From: Joshua Dellinger
Subject: Square Grand Shanks
Hi, folks. So, I'm currently replacing all the original cedar(I think?) shanks on an old Chickering square grand. As some of you know, this basically means finding a spinet shank that's little longer than spinet shanks normally come.
I saw on other forum posts that Schaff sold an item called "Pallet Rods" (No. 706) that were essentially spinet shanks but a bit over 5". I just called and, as I'd feared, those are discontinued.
I've also had trouble finding 3/16" dowels/rods that are hard maple. I keep finding birch, instead.
Another tech suggested basically splicing spinet shanks to get the required length. I've held onto that suggestion, but have felt a little squeamish about splicing a shank vs having a singe piece of wood.
Any suggestions in a remedy?
Would birch be sufficient?
Am I just being too squeamish about the splicing idea?
Is there a source I'm not finding of 3/16" hard maple dowels?
Answers are appreciated. Thanks
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Joshua Dellinger
Catawba Valley Piano Services
Maiden, NC
(828) 705-1732
cvpianoservices@gmail.com
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