In Merle Mason's book "Piano parts and Their functions," the "L" screw is called "repetition lever stop hook." No further details in the glossary but the name certainly gives one the idea of its function. These hooks can be found on most of the major types of wippens manufactured for older pianos. Including Steinway I believe. I tuned a 1930 Mason & Hamlin A yesterday that had the hooks.
Original Message:
Sent: 08-30-2025 14:07
From: Alan Eder
Subject: What does this "L" screw do?
Thanks so much for the background you provided on the story behind CAF and the related need for stronger rep spring tension and rep lever center pinning. Fascinating stuff, Fred.
With regard to your statement that, "I don't think those action designers would have just put it there for no reason," one of the few relatively safe assumptions we can make in piano technology is that manufacturers are extremely unlikely to spend a nickle on something that doesn't need to be there. That is why, before proceeding to neutralize these "L" screws, I wanted to first gain an understanding of why they were there to begin with.
Thanks for being a living archive, and for sharing your knowledge and understanding so freely, Fred.
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Alan Eder, RPT
Herb Alpert School of Music
California Institute of the Arts
Valencia, CA
661.904.6483
Original Message:
Sent: 08-30-2025 12:32
From: Fred Sturm
Subject: What does this "L" screw do?
Concerning the Erard L screw, it is on the other end of the rep lever. It limits how high the lever goes, a function that was moved to the other end of the lever as a button acting from below (the Erard lever doesn't extend beyond its action center).
Concerning CAF, my own take is that this arose from the fact that Steinway failed to control string plane height relative to the keybed starting sometime mid 20th century, and string heights grew by 5 mm or more while hammer bore distance stayed the same. This resulted in shanks off the pillows by 10 mm and more, and lots of technicians coming up with lots of fixes (I remember detailed articles by Ken Sloane, for instance, as well as posts by Newton Hunt, making extensions on the hammer tails so check could be closer than 15 mm or so, adjusting how high the back checks were, lots of gnashing of teeth).
That geometrical inconsistency lasted for decades, at least into the oughts (2000-2010), as I found while rebuilding multiple Steinway grands and measuring centerpin height vs string height, so I simply stopped using Steinway hammers so that I could control bore distance and tail length and get the action to function. Longer bore took care of the various problems.
CAF was one of the problems that arose from this excess string plane height, and I think it was Eric Schandall who told me that if you made sure the pillow was within 5 mm of the bottoms of the shanks, that would solve the problem. I tried it, and never had the problem again. On the pianos with original parts, pillows covered with the red cloth, I glued bits of felt on top to fill the gap (felt I had peeled from wippens whose felt was too thick in other jobs). DIdn't look too great, but did the job.
How did this work? I think that on a very hard and rapid blow, where the hammer rebounds from the string but the check is no longer there, the rep lever would be depressed a lot more than usual, potentially leading to the lock up. With a high cushion, the shank would bounce up off the cushion, keeping the lock up from happening.
It was during that period that I speculated the L screw might have been intended to serve that same purpose. A kind of fail safe. I don't think those action designers would have just put it there for no reason.
BTW, I believe the protocol of extra-tight pinning of rep levers also had its origin in CAF, from conversations with Rick Baldassin (who I believe was the one who started it). He related a story about talks with Bill Garlick when he was at Steinway, telling him about the need to strengthen rep springs beyond the normal parameters, to avoid CAF. That led to rick's reasoning behind the pinning protocol - which is intended to make a stronger rep spring possible with more standard behavior (not too jumpy).
Regards,
Fred Sturm
fssturm@comcast
"The cure for boredom is curiosity, and there is no cure for curiosity." Dorothy Parker
Original Message:
Sent: 8/30/2025 11:54:00 AM
From: Alan Eder
Subject: RE: What does this "L" screw do?
That may very well be the case, Richard.
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Alan Eder, RPT
Herb Alpert School of Music
California Institute of the Arts
Valencia, CA
661.904.6483
Original Message:
Sent: 08-30-2025 11:29
From: Richard West
Subject: What does this "L" screw do?
Alan said: the regulation was in a deplorable state.
This may be a give-away for the "L" screw. Early 20th century pianos were going to some remote parts of the country where service beyond tuning might be hard to find. The "L" screw could be the safety factor that would keep the piano functioning even if the regulation was compromised..
Richard West
Original Message:
Sent: 8/30/2025 11:00:00 AM
From: Alan Eder
Subject: RE: What does this "L" screw do?
Hi David,
Thanks for chiming in!
My German dean often comments on our (American) penchant for acronyms. CAF is one of my personal favorites. "Catastrophic Action Failure" sounds like the piano action equivalent of a submersible imploding, or the like.
Thanks for the 411 on Stodart. Another technician evaluated this piano for us and could not find it listed in the Pierce Atlas. We ascertained its approximate age by design features (such as the wippen). Thought it could be a stencil piano, since there is no "brand" cast into the string frame.
Your take on what function that "L" screw performs may be on to something (and along the lines of what Paul McCloud wrote).
I was hoping that no one would inquire as to how it is that we are working on such a beast. But since you asked, here is the reason: We needed a small grand and, due to financial constraints, we are no able to purchase any pianos. The only way we are able to augment our inventory is to accept donations and then take what ever time is necessary to make those instruments ship-shape. Very educational for my trainees, but real time bandits (especially this one!). Had I evaluated this piano personally, I may not have accepted it. But once we had paid for the evaluation and the move, the die was cast. We had no viable alternative but to forge ahead and make the most of it (without replacing any parts). It had been restrung and the hammers were replaced (although not the shanks and flanges), but the regulation was in a deplorable state. However, for a 4' 9' instrument with no beams, it has decent tone.
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Alan Eder, RPT
Herb Alpert School of Music
California Institute of the Arts
Valencia, CA
661.904.6483
Original Message:
Sent: 08-30-2025 08:22
From: David Graham
Subject: What does this "L" screw do?
First, CAF is a new acronym to me, but I love it! Secondly, Stodart was a NY maker, built squares, then uprights and small grands. Thirdly, I think the piece served as "idiot proofing" to keep a tech from pushing down the front of the lever too far and snapping the cord for the spring. It makes you think, disconnect the cord first, then turn the screw 90 degrees, and then do whatever you need to do.
it would be interesting to know how a piano from a small production maker in NY ended up at CalArts, and what you intend to do with it, but we all take on projects that are more interesting technically than musically. I think this design went away because it was relatively heavy and slow compared to the butterfly spring, plus a bit more complicated to work on without obvious benefit.
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David Graham,RPT
Graham Piano Service, Inc
Sycamore IL 60178
815-353-5450
Original Message:
Sent: 08-29-2025 06:55
From: Alan Eder
Subject: What does this "L" screw do?
Greetings,
Working on a 1920-something "Stodart" piano (brand name appears on the fallboard only--no where on the string frame).
The question at present is: What is the function of the "L" shaped piece that screws into the horizontal member of the wippen body? As can be seen in the (hopefully) attached image, the short, bent part of the "L" hovers above the rear of the repetition lever. There is a piece of felt on top of the repetition lever underneath the bent part of the screw, suggesting that there could be contact between the angled part of this screw and the top rear of the repetition lever. We have not been able to discern the function of this part, which I have not seen on any more modern grand actions. When we rotate the bent part of the "L" screw 90o, so that it is parallel, rather than perpendicular, to the repetition lever. the action still seems to work in every other respect.
Thanks,
Alan
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Alan Eder, RPT
Herb Alpert School of Music
California Institute of the Arts
Valencia, CA
661.904.6483
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